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Table 4 Risk factors for 28-day Mortality in COVID-19 patients

From: Presepsin as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients: combining clinical scoring systems and laboratory inflammatory markers for outcome prediction

Variables

No. of 28-day

deaths /total (%)

UV

  

MV

 

HR (95% CI)

P-Value

 

Adjusted

HR (95% CI)

P-Value

Presepsin, pg/mL

≤562

5/144 (3.5)

     

>562

18/46 (39.1)

13.7 (5.1,36.9)

< 0.001*

 

8.5 (2.3,31.3)

0.001*

qSOFA

≤1

6/157 (3.8)

     

>1

17/33 (51.5)

17.6 (6.9,44.9)

< 0.001*

 

9.2 (3.0,28.2)

< 0.001*

NEWS2

≤7

6/148 (4.1)

     

>7

17/42 (40.5)

12.2 (4.8,30.9)

< 0.001*

 

3.6 (1.1,12.6)

0.041*

PSI

≤111

3/141 (2.1)

     

>111

20/49 (40.8)

23.6 (7.0,79.7)

< 0.001*

 

9.2 (2.2,38.8)

0.003*

COVID-GRAM

≤146

4/134 (3.0)

     

>146

19/56 (33.9)

13.3 (4.5,39.2)

< 0.001*

 

3.4 (0.90,13.0)

0.072

CURB-65

≤1

2/131 (1.5)

     

>1

21/59 (35.6)

28.0 (6.6,119.7)

< 0.001*

 

9.1 (1.8,46.8)

0.008*

PCT, ng/mL

≤0.105

5/116 (4.3)

     

>0.105

18/71 (25.4)

6.7 (2.5,18.0)

< 0.001*

 

2.9 (0.77,10.59)

0.115

CRP, mg/L

≤32

5/116 (4.3)

     

>32

18/72 (25.0)

6.5 (2.4,17.6)

< 0.001*

 

6.1 (1.7,21.5)

0.005*

NLR

≤5.31

9/129 (7.0)

     

>5.31

14/61 (23.0)

3.6 (1.6,8.4)

0.002

 

4.33 (1.47,12.78)

0.008*

CAR

≤0.86

3/113 (2.7)

     

>0.86

20/74 (27.0)

11.7 (3.5,39.3)

< 0.001*

 

10.0 (2.19,45.83)

0.003*

LCR

≤0.022

19/62 (30.6)

     

>0.022

4/126 (3.2)

0.088 (0.03,0.26)

< 0.001*

 

0.163 (0.049,0.546)

0.003*

  1. Performed with age, diabetes mellitus, malignant tumor, body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, PaO2/FiO2, AST, DBIL as covariates. Cox regression analyses was performed on 190 COVID-19 patients. Abbreviations PaO2, oxygen tension; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; DBIL, Direct bilirubin; UV, Univariate Analysis; MV, Multivariate Analysis; HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; qSOFA, quick sequential organ failure assessment; NEWS2, National Early Warning Score 2; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index; PCT, Procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; NLR, Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; CAR, C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; LCR, Lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio
  2. *p-value < 0.05 was considered significant